Nitric Acid

HNO₃ · 63.01 g/mol

HNO₃

Essential for fertilizers, explosives, and metal processing

Molecular Weight

63.01 g/mol

State

Liquid

Catalyst

Platinum-Rhodium gauze

Reactor

Burner at 900°C followed

Nitric Acid molecular structure — 2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs

Ammonia, **Oxygen** (Feedstock), **Water** (Feedstock)

→

Product

Nitric Acid

→

Outputs

Ammonium Nitrate, Adipic Acid, Nitrobenzene, TDI

Chemistry & Engineering

Reaction	`NH₃ + O₂ → NO; NO + O₂ → NO₂; NO₂ + H₂O → HNO₃`
Thermodynamics	Exothermic oxidation
Catalyst	Platinum-Rhodium gauze
Reactor class	Burner at 900°C followed by absorption columns
Note	Ostwald process. Noble metal catalyst loss is a key operating cost.

Applications

Ammonium nitrate fertilizer
Explosives manufacturing
Metal etching and pickling
Nitration reactions for organics

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

Ammonia oxidation over Pt-Rh gauze catalyst at 850-950°C
Cooling and oxidation of NO to NO₂
Absorption in water to form nitric acid
Concentration by distillation or extractive methods

Reaction Diagram

4NH3 + 5O2 -> 4NO + 6H2O; 2NO + O2 -> 2NO2; 3NO2 + H2O -> 2HNO3 + NO

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#	Operation	Description
1	Ammonia/Air Mixing	Mix NH₃ with filtered air (10-12% NH₃)
2	Catalytic Oxidation	Pt-Rh gauze at 850-950°C, 1-10 bar
3	Gas Cooling	Cool NO gas and oxidize to NO₂
4	Absorption	Absorb NO₂ in water in absorption tower
5	Tail Gas Treatment	Catalytic reduction of residual NOx
6	Concentration	Concentrate to 60-68% HNO₃ by distillation

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Nitric Acid -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="NITRIC_ACID_PLANT_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Nitric Acid production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="NITRIC_ACID_PLANT">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="MIXER">
        <Description>Mixer</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="BURNER">
        <Description>Burner</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="COOLER">
        <Description>Cooler</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="ABSORBER">
        <Description>Absorber</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="SCR_REACTOR">
        <Description>Scr Reactor</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="CONCENTRATOR">
        <Description>Concentrator</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="NITRIC_ACID_PLANT_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Nitric Acid</Description>
    <ProductID>NITRIC_ACID</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="NITRIC_ACID_PLANT_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="MIX">
          <Description>Mix phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="OXIDIZE_NH3">
          <Description>Oxidize Nh3 phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="COOL">
          <Description>Cool phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="ABSORB">
          <Description>Absorb phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="TREAT_TAILGAS">
          <Description>Treat Tailgas phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="CONCENTRATE">
          <Description>Concentrate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>

Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment

UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis

Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers

PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY

0 Kommentare zu „Nitric Acid“