Nitrobenzene

C₆H₅NO₂ · 123.11 g/mol

C₆H₅NO₂

Intermediate for aniline production

Molecular Weight

123.11 g/mol

State

Liquid

Catalyst

Sulfuric acid (acts as d

Reactor

Continuous Stirred Tank

Nitrobenzene molecular structure — 2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs

Benzene, Nitric Acid, Sulfuric Acid

→

Product

Nitrobenzene

→

Outputs

Aniline

Chemistry & Engineering

Reaction	`Nitration with mixed acid (HNO₃/H₂SO₄)`
Thermodynamics	Exothermic
Catalyst	Sulfuric acid (acts as dehydrating agent)
Reactor class	Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor cascade
Note	Requires concentration of spent sulfuric acid.

Applications

Aniline production (hydrogenation)
Solvent for cellulose ethers
Shoe polish and floor wax

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

Benzene + HNO₃ → nitrobenzene + H₂O
Mixed acid (HNO₃ + H₂SO₄) at 50-55°C
Continuous adiabatic nitration process
Washing and distillation

Reaction Diagram

C6H6 + HNO3 -> C6H5NO2 + H2O

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#	Operation	Description
1	Mixed Acid Preparation	Prepare HNO₃/H₂SO₄ mixture
2	Nitration	React benzene at 50-90°C with cooling
3	Phase Separation	Separate nitrobenzene from spent acid
4	Washing	Wash with water and dilute NaOH
5	Drying	Azeotropic or vacuum drying
6	Storage	Store in steel tanks

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Nitrobenzene -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="NITROBENZENE_PLANT_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Nitrobenzene production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="NITROBENZENE_PLANT">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="ACID_MIXER">
        <Description>Acid Mixer</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="NITRATOR">
        <Description>Nitrator</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="SEPARATOR">
        <Description>Separator</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="WASH_COLUMN">
        <Description>Wash Column</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="DRYER">
        <Description>Dryer</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="STORAGE">
        <Description>Storage</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="NITROBENZENE_PLANT_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Nitrobenzene</Description>
    <ProductID>NITROBENZENE</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="NITROBENZENE_PLANT_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="PREP_ACID">
          <Description>Prep Acid phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="NITRATE">
          <Description>Nitrate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="SEPARATE">
          <Description>Separate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="WASH">
          <Description>Wash phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="DRY">
          <Description>Dry phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="STORE">
          <Description>Store phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>

Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment

UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis

Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers

PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY

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