Phenol

C₆H₅OH · 94.11 g/mol

C₆H₅OH

Precursor to resins, bisphenol A, and pharmaceuticals

Molecular Weight

94.11 g/mol

State

Solid/Liquid

Catalyst

Sulfuric acid for cleava

Reactor

Oxidation tower followed

Phenol molecular structure — 2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs

Cumene, **Oxygen** (Feedstock)

→

Product

Phenol

→

Outputs

Bisphenol A, Caprolactam, Phenolic Resins, Cyclohexanone

Chemistry & Engineering

Reaction	`Cumene + O₂ → Cumene Hydroperoxide → Phenol + Acetone`
Thermodynamics	Autoxidation is exothermic; Cleavage is strongly exothermic
Catalyst	Sulfuric acid for cleavage
Reactor class	Oxidation tower followed by acid cleavage unit
Note	The Hock process couples Phenol and Acetone production efficiently.

Applications

Bisphenol A for polycarbonate and epoxy
Phenolic resins (Bakelite)
Caprolactam (for nylon 6)
Pharmaceuticals and disinfectants

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

Benzene + propylene → cumene (alkylation)
Cumene oxidation → cumene hydroperoxide
Acid-catalyzed cleavage → phenol + acetone
Distillation for separation and purification

Reaction Diagram

C6H5CH(CH3)2 + O2 -> C6H5OH + CH3COCH3

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#	Operation	Description
1	Cumene Oxidation	Bubble air through cumene at 80-130°C to form CHP
2	Concentration	Concentrate cumene hydroperoxide to 80%
3	Acid Cleavage	Decompose CHP with H₂SO₄ at 60-80°C
4	Neutralization	Neutralize acid with NaOH or phenol
5	Crude Separation	Separate phenol/acetone from α-methylstyrene
6	Phenol Purification	Distill to >99.9% phenol purity

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Phenol -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="PHENOL_CUMENE_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Phenol production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="PHENOL_CUMENE">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="OXIDIZER">
        <Description>Oxidizer</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="CONCENTRATOR">
        <Description>Concentrator</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="CLEAVAGE_REACTOR">
        <Description>Cleavage Reactor</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="NEUTRALIZER">
        <Description>Neutralizer</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="SEPARATOR">
        <Description>Separator</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="COLUMN">
        <Description>Column</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="PHENOL_CUMENE_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Phenol</Description>
    <ProductID>PHENOL</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="PHENOL_CUMENE_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="OXIDIZE">
          <Description>Oxidize phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="CONCENTRATE">
          <Description>Concentrate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="CLEAVE">
          <Description>Cleave phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="NEUTRALIZE">
          <Description>Neutralize phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="SEPARATE">
          <Description>Separate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="PURIFY">
          <Description>Purify phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>

Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment

UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis

Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers

PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY

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