Phthalic Anhydride

C₆H₄(CO)₂O  ·  148.12 g/mol

C₆H₄(CO)₂O

Precursor for plasticizers and alkyd resins

Molecular Weight
148.12 g/mol
State
Solid
Catalyst
Vanadium Pentoxide on Ti
Reactor
Multitubular fixed bed m
Phthalic Anhydride molecular structure
2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs
Xylene, **Oxygen** (Feedstock)
→
Product
Phthalic Anhydride
→
Outputs
Plasticizers, Resins

Chemistry & Engineering

Reactiono-Xylene + 3O₂ → Phthalic Anhydride + 3H₂O
ThermodynamicsHighly exothermic
CatalystVanadium Pentoxide on Titania
Reactor classMultitubular fixed bed molten salt cooled
NoteSwitchable with Naphthalene feedstock.

Applications

  • Phthalate plasticizers (DOP, DBP)
  • Alkyd resins for paints
  • Unsaturated polyester resins
  • Dyes and pigments

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

  1. o-Xylene + O₂ → phthalic anhydride (V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst)
  2. Fixed-bed reactor at 360-400°C
  3. Sublimation and condensation for recovery
  4. Alternative: naphthalene oxidation

Reaction Diagram

C8H10 + 3O2 -> C8H4O3 + 3H2O (or naphthalene oxidation)

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#OperationDescription
1o-Xylene FeedVaporize and mix with air
2OxidationV₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst at 340-400°C
3Switch CondensersDesublime crude PA on switch condenser tubes
4MeltingMelt crude PA from condensers
5Thermal TreatmentHeat to decompose maleic anhydride
6DistillationVacuum distillation to >99.5% PA

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Phthalic Anhydride -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="PA_PLANT_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Phthalic Anhydride production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="PA_PLANT">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="VAPORIZER">
        <Description>Vaporizer</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="REACTOR">
        <Description>Reactor</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="SWITCH_CONDENSER">
        <Description>Switch Condenser</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="MELTER">
        <Description>Melter</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="TREATMENT">
        <Description>Treatment</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="COLUMN">
        <Description>Column</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="PA_PLANT_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Phthalic Anhydride</Description>
    <ProductID>PHTHALIC_ANHYDRIDE</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="PA_PLANT_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="VAPORIZE">
          <Description>Vaporize phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="OXIDIZE">
          <Description>Oxidize phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="CONDENSE">
          <Description>Condense phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="MELT">
          <Description>Melt phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="TREAT">
          <Description>Treat phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="DISTILL">
          <Description>Distill phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>
Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment
UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis
Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers
PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY
This Synthesis Module is part of the 100chemicals Olefinverbund — an integrated chemical production network designed for extraterrestrial civilization on Moon and Mars.

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