Aniline

C₆H₅NH₂ · 93.13 g/mol

C₆H₅NH₂

Precursor to polyurethanes, dyes, and rubber chemicals

Molecular Weight

93.13 g/mol

State

Liquid

Catalyst

Copper on Silica or Pall

Reactor

Gas phase fluidized bed

Aniline molecular structure — 2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs

Nitrobenzene, **Hydrogen** (Feedstock)

→

Product

Aniline

→

Outputs

Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate, Rubber Chemicals

Chemistry & Engineering

Reaction	`Nitrobenzene + 3H₂ → Aniline + 2H₂O`
Thermodynamics	Highly exothermic hydrogenation
Catalyst	Copper on Silica or Palladium
Reactor class	Gas phase fluidized bed or vapor phase fixed bed
Note	Heat recovery crucial.

Applications

MDI for polyurethanes
Rubber processing chemicals
Dyes and pigments
Pharmaceuticals

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

Benzene nitration → nitrobenzene
Catalytic hydrogenation with Cu or Ni catalyst
Operating at 200-300°C in gas phase
Alternative: ammonolysis of phenol

Reaction Diagram

C6H5NO2 + 3H2 -> C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#	Operation	Description
1	Nitrobenzene Feed	Pump nitrobenzene to hydrogenation reactor
2	Catalytic Hydrogenation	Cu or Ni catalyst at 200-300°C, 1-5 bar
3	Heat Recovery	Cool reactor effluent against feed
4	Phase Separation	Separate aniline/water mixture
5	Distillation	Distill to >99.9% aniline
6	Storage	Store under nitrogen to prevent oxidation

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Aniline -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="ANILINE_PLANT_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Aniline production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="ANILINE_PLANT">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="PUMP">
        <Description>Pump</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="HYDROGENATOR">
        <Description>Hydrogenator</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="EXCHANGER">
        <Description>Exchanger</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="DECANTER">
        <Description>Decanter</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="COLUMN">
        <Description>Column</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="STORAGE_TANK">
        <Description>Storage Tank</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="ANILINE_PLANT_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Aniline</Description>
    <ProductID>ANILINE</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="ANILINE_PLANT_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="FEED">
          <Description>Feed phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="HYDROGENATE">
          <Description>Hydrogenate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="RECOVER_HEAT">
          <Description>Recover Heat phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="SEPARATE">
          <Description>Separate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="DISTILL">
          <Description>Distill phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="STORE">
          <Description>Store phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>

Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment

UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis

Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers

PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY

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