Maleic Anhydride

C₂H₂(CO)₂O · 98.06 g/mol

C₂H₂(CO)₂O

Intermediate for unsaturated polyester resins and chemicals

Molecular Weight

98.06 g/mol

State

Solid

Catalyst

Vanadyl Pyrophosphate (V

Reactor

Transport bed or Fluidiz

Maleic Anhydride molecular structure — 2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs

Butane, **Oxygen** (Feedstock)

→

Product

Maleic Anhydride

→

Outputs

Unsaturated Polyester Resins, Butanediol

Chemistry & Engineering

Reaction	`C₄H₁₀ + 3.5 O₂ → C₄H₂O₃ + 4H₂O`
Thermodynamics	Highly exothermic oxidation
Catalyst	Vanadyl Pyrophosphate (VPO)
Reactor class	Transport bed or Fluidized bed
Note	Butane feedstock is preferred over benzene (cleaner).

Applications

Unsaturated polyester resins
Surface coatings
Lubricant additives
Agricultural chemicals

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

n-Butane + O₂ → maleic anhydride (V-P-O catalyst)
Fixed-bed or fluidized-bed reactor at 400-450°C
Condensation and purification
Alternative: benzene oxidation (older process)

Reaction Diagram

C4H10 + 3.5 O2 -> C4H2O3 + 4H2O

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#	Operation	Description
1	n-Butane Feed	Vaporize and mix with air (1.5-2%)
2	Oxidation	V₂O₅/P₂O₅ catalyst at 400-450°C
3	Partial Condensation	Condense crude MA from reactor gas
4	Absorption	Absorb remaining MA in water → maleic acid
5	Dehydration	Dehydrate maleic acid back to MA
6	Purification	Distill to >99.5% MA

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Maleic Anhydride -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="MA_PLANT_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Maleic Anhydride production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="MA_PLANT">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="VAPORIZER">
        <Description>Vaporizer</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="REACTOR">
        <Description>Reactor</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="PARTIAL_CONDENSER">
        <Description>Partial Condenser</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="ABSORBER">
        <Description>Absorber</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="DEHYDRATOR">
        <Description>Dehydrator</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="COLUMN">
        <Description>Column</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="MA_PLANT_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Maleic Anhydride</Description>
    <ProductID>MALEIC_ANHYDRIDE</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="MA_PLANT_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="FEED">
          <Description>Feed phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="OXIDIZE">
          <Description>Oxidize phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="CONDENSE">
          <Description>Condense phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="ABSORB">
          <Description>Absorb phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="DEHYDRATE">
          <Description>Dehydrate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="PURIFY">
          <Description>Purify phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>

Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment

UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis

Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers

PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY

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