Phosphoric Acid

H₃PO₄ · 98.00 g/mol

H₃PO₄

Fertilizer production and food-grade acidulant

Molecular Weight

98.00 g/mol

State

Liquid

Catalyst

None

Reactor

Digester tanks (Wet Proc

Phosphoric Acid molecular structure — 2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs

Sulfuric Acid, **Phosphate Rock** (Feedstock)

→

Product

Phosphoric Acid

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Outputs

Fertilizers

Chemistry & Engineering

Reaction	`Ca₅(PO₄)₃F + 5H₂SO₄ → 3H₃PO₄ + 5CaSO₄ + HF`
Thermodynamics	Exothermic acidulation
Catalyst	None
Reactor class	Digester tanks (Wet Process)
Note	Gypsum (CaSO₄) byproduct is massive; HF must be captured.

Applications

Phosphate fertilizers (DAP, MAP, TSP)
Food and beverage acidulant
Metal surface treatment
Semiconductor etching

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

Wet process: phosphate rock + sulfuric acid
Filtration to remove calcium sulfate (gypsum)
Concentration by evaporation
Thermal process: P₄ combustion + hydration for pure acid

Reaction Diagram

Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 -> 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#	Operation	Description
1	Phosphate Rock Prep	Grind phosphate rock to 100 mesh
2	Digestion	React with H₂SO₄ at 70-80°C
3	Filtration	Filter gypsum (CaSO₄) on belt/tilting pan
4	Concentration	Multi-stage evaporation to 52-54% P₂O₅
5	Clarification	Settle/filter to remove sludge
6	Storage	Store in rubber-lined tanks

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Phosphoric Acid -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="WET_PHOSPHORIC_ACID_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Phosphoric Acid production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="WET_PHOSPHORIC_ACID">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="MILL">
        <Description>Mill</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="DIGESTER">
        <Description>Digester</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="BELT_FILTER">
        <Description>Belt Filter</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="EVAPORATORS">
        <Description>Evaporators</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="CLARIFIER">
        <Description>Clarifier</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="STORAGE">
        <Description>Storage</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="WET_PHOSPHORIC_ACID_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Phosphoric Acid</Description>
    <ProductID>PHOSPHORIC_ACID</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="WET_PHOSPHORIC_ACID_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="PREP_ROCK">
          <Description>Prep Rock phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="DIGEST">
          <Description>Digest phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="FILTER">
          <Description>Filter phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="EVAPORATE">
          <Description>Evaporate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="CLARIFY">
          <Description>Clarify phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="STORE">
          <Description>Store phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>

Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment

UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis

Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers

PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY

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