Styrene

C₈H₈ (C₆H₅CH=CH₂) · 104.15 g/mol

C₈H₈ (C₆H₅CH=CH₂)

Monomer for polystyrene and styrenic copolymers

Molecular Weight

104.15 g/mol

State

Liquid

Catalyst

Iron oxide promoted with

Reactor

Adiabatic radial flow re

Styrene molecular structure — 2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs

Ethylbenzene

→

Product

Styrene

→

Outputs

Polystyrene, Synthetic Rubber, ABS

Chemistry & Engineering

Reaction	`C₆H₅C₂H₅ → C₆H₅C₂H₃ + H₂`
Thermodynamics	Highly endothermic (ΔH = +125 kJ/mol)
Catalyst	Iron oxide promoted with Potassium (Fe2O3-K2CO3)
Reactor class	Adiabatic radial flow reactors in series with interstage heating (steam superheating)
Note	Vacuum operation favored to shift equilibrium. Steam prevents coking and supplies heat.

Applications

Polystyrene (packaging, insulation)
ABS and SAN plastics
Styrene-butadiene rubber
Unsaturated polyester resins

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

Alkylation of benzene with ethylene → ethylbenzene
Catalytic dehydrogenation at 600-650°C over Fe₂O₃/K₂O catalyst
Steam dilution to shift equilibrium and prevent coking
Vacuum distillation with polymerization inhibitor

Reaction Diagram

C6H5C2H5 -> C6H5CH=CH2 + H2

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#	Operation	Description
1	Ethylbenzene Preheat	Heat EB feed to 550°C with steam
2	Dehydrogenation	Adiabatic reactor with Fe₂O₃/K₂O catalyst
3	Heat Recovery	Cool effluent against feed
4	Condensation	Condense styrene and separate from H₂
5	Vacuum Distillation	Distill at 50-100 mbar to avoid polymerization
6	Inhibitor Addition	Add TBC inhibitor for storage stability

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Styrene -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="STYRENE_PLANT_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Styrene production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="STYRENE_PLANT">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="PREHEATER">
        <Description>Preheater</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="REACTOR">
        <Description>Reactor</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="EXCHANGER">
        <Description>Exchanger</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="CONDENSER">
        <Description>Condenser</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="VACUUM_COLUMN">
        <Description>Vacuum Column</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="INHIBITOR_SYSTEM">
        <Description>Inhibitor System</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="STYRENE_PLANT_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Styrene</Description>
    <ProductID>STYRENE</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="STYRENE_PLANT_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="PREHEAT">
          <Description>Preheat phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="DEHYDROGENATE">
          <Description>Dehydrogenate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="RECOVER_HEAT">
          <Description>Recover Heat phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="CONDENSE">
          <Description>Condense phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="DISTILL">
          <Description>Distill phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="STABILIZE">
          <Description>Stabilize phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>

Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment

UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis

Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers

PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY

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