Polyethylene Terephthalate

(C₁₀H₈O₄)ₙ · Variable (polymer)

(C₁₀H₈O₄)ₙ

Polyester for bottles, fibers, and films

Molecular Weight

Variable (polymer)

State

Solid

Catalyst

Antimony or Titanium com

Reactor

Melt reactor followed by

Polyethylene Terephthalate molecular structure — 2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs

Terephthalic Acid, Ethylene Glycol

→

Product

Polyethylene Terephthalate

→

Outputs

Bottles, Fibers

Chemistry & Engineering

Reaction	`Esterification + Polycondensation`
Thermodynamics	Equilibrium usually driven by vacuum (removal of EG/Water)
Catalyst	Antimony or Titanium compounds
Reactor class	Melt reactor followed by Solid State Polymerization (SSP)
Note	SSP increases Intrinsic Viscosity (IV) for bottle strength.

Applications

Beverage bottles
Polyester textile fibers
Food packaging films
Engineering plastics

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

Esterification: PTA + EG → bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate
Polycondensation at 280-300°C under vacuum
Sb or Ti catalyst for condensation
Solid-state polymerization for high IV grades

Reaction Diagram

PTA + MEG -> PET + H2O

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#	Operation	Description
1	PTA/MEG Slurry	Prepare slurry of PTA in excess MEG
2	Esterification	Form BHET at 250-280°C
3	Polycondensation	Remove MEG under vacuum at 270-290°C
4	Chipping	Strand extrude and cut to chips
5	SSP	Solid-state polymerize for bottle grade
6	Crystallization	Crystallize amorphous chips

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Polyethylene Terephthalate -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="PET_PLANT_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Polyethylene Terephthalate production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="PET_PLANT">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="SLURRY_TANK">
        <Description>Slurry Tank</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="ESTERIFIER">
        <Description>Esterifier</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="FINISHER">
        <Description>Finisher</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="CHIPPER">
        <Description>Chipper</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="SSP_REACTOR">
        <Description>Ssp Reactor</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="CRYSTALLIZER">
        <Description>Crystallizer</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="PET_PLANT_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Polyethylene Terephthalate</Description>
    <ProductID>POLYETHYLENE_TEREPHTHALATE</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="PET_PLANT_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="SLURRY">
          <Description>Slurry phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="ESTERIFY">
          <Description>Esterify phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="POLYCONDENSE">
          <Description>Polycondense phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="CHIP">
          <Description>Chip phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="SSP">
          <Description>Ssp phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="CRYSTALLIZE">
          <Description>Crystallize phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>

Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment

UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis

Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers

PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY

Polyethylene Terephthalate

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