Ethanol

C₂H₅OH · 46.07 g/mol

C₂H₅OH

Solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate

Molecular Weight

46.07 g/mol

State

Liquid

Catalyst

Phosphoric acid on silic

Reactor

Fixed bed hydration reac

Ethanol molecular structure — 2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs

Ethylene, **Water** (Feedstock)

→

Product

Ethanol

→

Outputs

Ethyl Acetate, Ethylene, Butadiene, Diethyl Ether

Chemistry & Engineering

Reaction	`C₂H₄ + H₂O ⇄ C₂H₅OH`
Thermodynamics	Exothermic (-45 kJ/mol)
Catalyst	Phosphoric acid on silica support
Reactor class	Fixed bed hydration reactor at 60-70 bar, 300°C
Note	Direct hydration of ethylene is more efficient than fermentation for initial synthetic chemistry loop.

Applications

Solvent for pharmaceuticals and chemicals
Fuel and fuel additive
Ethyl acetate production
Disinfectant and sanitizer

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

Catalytic hydration of ethylene over H₃PO₄/SiO₂ catalyst
Operating at 300°C and 70 bar pressure
Alternative: Direct CO₂ + H₂ synthesis over Cu-based catalysts
Distillation and molecular sieve drying for anhydrous product

Reaction Diagram

C6H12O6 -> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 (fermentation)

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#	Operation	Description
1	Mashing	Prepare fermentable sugar solution
2	Fermentation	Yeast fermentation at 30-35°C for 48-72h
3	Distillation	Beer still to 50% then rectification to 95%
4	Dehydration	Molecular sieve dehydration to >99.5%
5	Denaturing	Add denaturant for industrial grade
6	Storage	Store in SS or lined tanks

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Ethanol -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="ETHANOL_FERMENTATION_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Ethanol production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="ETHANOL_FERMENTATION">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="MASH_TUN">
        <Description>Mash Tun</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="FERMENTER">
        <Description>Fermenter</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="DISTILLATION">
        <Description>Distillation</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="MOLECULAR_SIEVE">
        <Description>Molecular Sieve</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="BLEND_TANK">
        <Description>Blend Tank</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="STORAGE">
        <Description>Storage</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="ETHANOL_FERMENTATION_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Ethanol</Description>
    <ProductID>ETHANOL</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="ETHANOL_FERMENTATION_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="MASH">
          <Description>Mash phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="FERMENT">
          <Description>Ferment phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="DISTILL">
          <Description>Distill phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="DEHYDRATE">
          <Description>Dehydrate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="DENATURE">
          <Description>Denature phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="STORE">
          <Description>Store phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>

Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment

UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis

Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers

PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY

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