Ethylene

C₂H₄ · 28.05 g/mol

C₂H₄

Core olefin building block

Molecular Weight

28.05 g/mol

State

Gas

Catalyst

Zeolite (H-ZSM-5) for MT

Reactor

Fluidized bed for MTO to

Ethylene molecular structure — 2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs

**Carbon Dioxide** (Feedstock), **Hydrogen** (Feedstock)

→

Product

Ethylene

→

Outputs

Polyethylene, Ethanol, Ethylene Oxide, Ethylbenzene, Vinyl Chloride, Vinyl Acetate, Styrene

Chemistry & Engineering

Reaction	`2CO₂ + 6H₂ → C₂H₄ + 4H₂O (via Methanol or FT)`
Thermodynamics	Endothermic dehydrogenation ΔH > 0; FT is Exothermic
Catalyst	Zeolite (H-ZSM-5) for MTO path; Iron/Cobalt for FT
Reactor class	Fluidized bed for MTO to manage heat; Fixed bed for FT
Note	Extraterrestrial production favors the Methanol-to-Olefins (MTO) route due to high CO₂ specificity compared to generic Fischer-Tropsch.

Applications

Polyethylene production
Ethylene oxide / ethylene glycol
Styrene and other aromatics
Solvents and intermediates

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

Source CO₂ from atmosphere (Mars) or industrial processes
Generate H₂ via water electrolysis (lunar ice / Martian water)
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce hydrocarbons
Catalytic dehydrogenation to yield ethylene

Reaction Diagram

C2H6 -> C2H4 + H2

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#	Operation	Description
1	Feed Preheat	Heat hydrocarbon feed to 500-600°C
2	Steam Dilution	Mix with steam (0.3-0.5 steam/HC ratio)
3	Pyrolysis	Thermal cracking in tubular furnace at 800-900°C, <1s residence
4	Quenching	Rapid cooling to 350°C to stop reactions
5	Compression	Multi-stage compression with intercooling
6	Cryogenic Separation	Demethanizer, deethanizer, C2 splitter at -100°C

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Ethylene -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="ETHYLENE_CRACKER_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Ethylene production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="ETHYLENE_CRACKER">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="PREHEATER">
        <Description>Preheater</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="STEAM_MIXER">
        <Description>Steam Mixer</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="CRACKING_FURNACE">
        <Description>Cracking Furnace</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="QUENCH_TOWER">
        <Description>Quench Tower</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="COMPRESSOR">
        <Description>Compressor</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="COLD_BOX">
        <Description>Cold Box</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="ETHYLENE_CRACKER_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Ethylene</Description>
    <ProductID>ETHYLENE</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="ETHYLENE_CRACKER_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="PREHEAT">
          <Description>Preheat phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="DILUTE">
          <Description>Dilute phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="CRACK">
          <Description>Crack phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="QUENCH">
          <Description>Quench phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="COMPRESS">
          <Description>Compress phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="SEPARATE">
          <Description>Separate phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>

Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment

UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis

Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers

PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY

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