Benzene

C₆H₆ · 78.11 g/mol

C₆H₆

Fundamental aromatic compound, precursor to plastics, resins, and fibers

Molecular Weight

78.11 g/mol

State

Liquid

Catalyst

Ga-doped ZSM-5 zeolite e

Reactor

Fixed bed synthesis loop

Benzene molecular structure — 2D structure

Olefinverbund Integration

Inputs

Ethylene, Propylene, Methanol

→

Product

Benzene

→

Outputs

Ethylbenzene, Cumene, Cyclohexane, Nitrobenzene, Aniline, Phenol, Styrene, Maleic Anhydride

Chemistry & Engineering

Reaction	`Methanol-to-Aromatics (MTA) or Dehydrocycliztion of Alkanes`
Thermodynamics	Aromatization is endothermic and equilibrium limited
Catalyst	Ga-doped ZSM-5 zeolite enhances aromatization
Reactor class	Fixed bed synthesis loop with continuous hydrogen removal
Note	Benzene is the entry point for the aromatic chain. Toxicity requires strict containment in habitat environments.

Applications

Ethylbenzene and styrene production
Cumene and phenol synthesis
Cyclohexane for nylon
Nitrobenzene and aniline

Extraterrestrial Production Pattern

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce naphtha-range hydrocarbons
Catalytic reforming over Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst
Solvent extraction (Sulfolane process)
Alternative: Methanol-to-aromatics over Ga-ZSM-5 zeolite

Reaction Diagram

Naphtha -> C6H6 + H2 (Reforming)

Unit Operations

Process steps following chemical engineering unit operation principles

#	Operation	Description
1	Feed Treatment	Remove sulfur and nitrogen from naphtha
2	Catalytic Reforming	Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst at 500°C, 10-35 bar
3	Aromatics Extraction	Sulfolane or NMP extraction of BTX
4	Benzene Column	Distillation to separate benzene from toluene
5	Clay Treatment	Remove olefins and color bodies
6	Product Storage	Store under nitrogen blanket

S88 Batch Control Model

ISA-88 BatchML schema — simplified for educational purposes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- ISA-88 Batch Control Model for Benzene -->
<!-- Educational schema - simplified for demonstration -->
<BatchML xmlns="http://www.wbf.org/xml/B2MML-V0600">
  
  <ProcessCell ID="BENZENE_EXTRACTION_CELL">
    <Description>Process cell for Benzene production</Description>
    
    <Unit ID="BENZENE_EXTRACTION">
      <Description>Main synthesis unit</Description>
      
      <!-- Equipment Modules -->
      <EquipmentModule ID="HYDROTREATER">
        <Description>Hydrotreater</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="REFORMER">
        <Description>Reformer</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="EXTRACTOR">
        <Description>Extractor</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="COLUMN">
        <Description>Column</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="CLAY_TREATER">
        <Description>Clay Treater</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
      <EquipmentModule ID="TANK">
        <Description>Tank</Description>
      </EquipmentModule>
    </Unit>
  </ProcessCell>
  
  <MasterRecipe ID="BENZENE_EXTRACTION_RECIPE">
    <Description>Master recipe for Benzene</Description>
    <ProductID>BENZENE</ProductID>
    
    <UnitProcedure ID="BENZENE_EXTRACTION_UP">
      <Description>Unit procedure for synthesis</Description>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_01">
        <Description>Operation 1</Description>
        <Phase ID="TREAT">
          <Description>Treat phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_02">
        <Description>Operation 2</Description>
        <Phase ID="REFORM">
          <Description>Reform phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_03">
        <Description>Operation 3</Description>
        <Phase ID="EXTRACT">
          <Description>Extract phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_04">
        <Description>Operation 4</Description>
        <Phase ID="DISTILL">
          <Description>Distill phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_05">
        <Description>Operation 5</Description>
        <Phase ID="POLISH">
          <Description>Polish phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
      
      <Operation ID="OP_06">
        <Description>Operation 6</Description>
        <Phase ID="STORE">
          <Description>Store phase</Description>
          <PhaseLogic>
            <Step ID="STEP_1"><Action>Initialize</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_2"><Action>Execute</Action></Step>
            <Step ID="STEP_3"><Action>Complete</Action></Step>
          </PhaseLogic>
        </Phase>
      </Operation>
    </UnitProcedure>
  </MasterRecipe>
  
</BatchML>

Process CellPhysical grouping of all production equipment

UnitMajor equipment performing the synthesis

Equipment ModulesIndividual devices: reactors, columns, absorbers

PhasesLowest control level: REACT, SEPARATE, PURIFY

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